Introduction to IP addressing and Networking

author | timestamp 05/03/2011

Network and networking have increased exponentially in the last 15 years, Do They must adhere to the speed of light with just enormous increase in the critical basic needs of users such as the sharing of data and printers, and advanced needs such as video conferencing.

types of networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

Mon A LAN (Local Area Network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together in the drive usually same building. A Local Area Network (LAN) has developed a high-speed communication system that leads to computers and other computing devices together within a small geographic area, such as a work group, department or building. Local Area Networks implementation of common access technology. This means that all devices on the LAN share a single communications medium, typically a coaxial cable, twisted pair or fiber optic cable.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Metropolitan Area Network or MAN are large computer networks usually spanning a city or a town. They typically use wireless infrastructure or optical fiber connections link to their sites.

The IEEE Standard 802-2001

Describe a MAN as: is optimized “A Man for a Geographical area larger than a LAN, flera of blocks, even entire cities MANs on communications channels of moderate to slopes Can. high data rates. A MAN Might Be owned and operated by a single organization, but it is usually from many individuals and organizations. MANs Used Be also ask owned Might and operated as public utilities. frustrate you will provide means of networking local networks. Metropolitan Area Network could have up to 50km. “

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad-line region. A WAN share limited compared to a man, not a geographical location, although it is restricted to a geographical location, it could also “Within the limits of a state or country Confined ask. A WAN connects LANs flera and May Limited, a company (a company or organization) or publicly accessible.

The technology is high speed and relatively expensive. The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN.

Network Devices

router

router used to to connect networks together and route data packets from one network to another. routers, the default interrupt a broadcast domain, which is the set of all devices on a network segment hear all broadcasts late on this segment.

router also break up collision domains. This is an Ethernet term for a network scenario där particular device sends a packet on a network segment, forcing give everythin to other devices in this segment for attention. At the Same Time, try another device to transfer, leading to a collision, after which both units are to be repeated at a time.

router to the layer 3 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model run.

SWITCHES

switches are used for network segmentation at the MAC addresses. Switches look to the incoming part of the hardware-mails before they decide, eller leave the front of the frame or fall.

Switches break collision domains, but the hosts on the switch are still members of one big broadcast domain.

HUB

A hub is really a multiple-port repeater. A repeater receiver and a digital signal back and reclaimed the signal amplifier, and then forwards the digital signal out all active ports without looking at all the data. An active hub, not the samething. This means that all devices connected to a hub in the same collision domain and in the Sami broadcast domain, so that devices share the bandwidth does Sami. Hubs work at the physical layer of the OSI model.

IP address

An IP address is assigned a numerical identifier machine on an IP network EACH. He designed the specified position of a device on the network. An IP address is an address and software designed to enable host on a network to a host on another network Regard less of the type of LANs the hosts to

Participating communicate

IP terminology

bit: A bit is a place, either a 1 or a 0

bytes. A byte is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity is used

Octet: An octet, consisting of 8 bits is a normal 8-bit binary number. In most cases, byte and octet are completely interchangeable.

Network Address: This is the name to send routing packets to a remote network. For example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0 and 192.168.10.0 are network address.

Broadcast address: The address of hosts and applications used to provide information to all nodes in a network to send the broadcast address is mentioned. Examples include 255 255 255 255, all networks, all nodes, 172.16.255.255, which is all subnets and hosts on network 172.16.0.0.

hierarchical IP addressing scheme

An IP address consists of 32 bits of information (IPv4). IPv6, a new version of IP consists of 128 bits of information. The 32-bit IP is in four sections Characterized as an octet or byte 1 byte (8bit).

An IP address is mapped to the following 3 methods.

dotted decimal, as in 172.16.30.56

binary, as in

10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000

Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38

All these examples represent the same IP address. But the most commonly used to these characters. The Windows Registry stores a machine’s IP address in hex.

The 32-bit IP address is a structured or hierarchical database to a flat, firm against hierarchical Address. Although either type of addressing scheme could Have Been uses hierarchical addressing was chosen for a reason. The advantage of this scheme is that there are a large number of addresses, namely 4.3 billion (a 32-bit address space with two possible values for each position, which Is either 1 or 0, 237, or 4,294,967,296 Is) to . treat

The disadvantage of the flat addressing scheme Tell routing. If every address were unique, would require all routers on the Internet to save the address of each computer on the Internet. This would be an efficient routing Impossible.

Network address range

The network address uniquely identify each network. Every computer on the network shares and Sami, the network address as part of the IP address. In the IP address 172.16.30.56 the network address is 172.16.

The node address is assigned and clearly identify each machine on a network. This figure cannabis also “ask Characterized as the host address. In 172.16.30.56 is 30.56 knots address. Class A network is used when a small number of systems posse will be singing a very large number of nodes required. Class C network is used when many networks require a small number of nodes.

Class A addresses

The first piece of the first byte in a Class A network address must always ask from or 0th This means a Class A address must pray 0-127, inclusive.

0xxxxxxx.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh

Let us turn the other 7 bits are all and turn on them at all, we find the class a number of network addresses.

00000000 = 0

01,111,111 = 127

Class A style ice network.node.node.node, such as the IP address 49.22.102.70, the 49, the network address and 22.102.70 is the node address. Each machine in this network special The distinctive network address 49th

would ask to be switched

Class B addresses

The first piece of the first byte must always be, but the second piece must always be asking questions.

<01xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh / p> If we can be left in the first and the second piece of switching and if the other six bits all off and then all on, we will find the Class B range of network addresses.

10000000 = 128

10,111,111 = 191

Class B network.network.node.node style ice so far in the IP address 132.163.40.57, the 132 163 is the network address, and 40.57 is the node address.

Class C addresses

ask the first and second play of the first byte must always be switched on, but the third part may never.

110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.hhhhhhhh

If we turn the first and second bit on and the third piece and then all the other 5 bits are all turned off and all on, we will find the class C range of network address.

11000000 = 192

11,011,111 = 223

Class C style ice network.network. network.node, for example, the IP address 195.166.231.75, which is 195 166 231 the network address and 75 is the node address.

class D and class E addresses

AddressBook 224-255 are for Class D and E networks reserved. Class D (224-239) is used for multicast addresses and E-Class (240-255) for scientific purposes.

Private IP addresses

Private IP addresses are those that can be used in a private network, but they note routable on the Internet. This is for the purpose of creating a measure of well needed security, but also “favorable saves valuable IP address space. If everythin everythin host on the network asked for real routable IP addresses, we would have run from IP addresses to hand out years ago.

Class A

10.0.0.0 to 10,255,255,255

Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192 168 255 255

Wed Troubleshooting IP addressing

Here are the troubleshooting steps to solve a problem on an IP network.

First, open a DOS window and ping 127.0.0.1. This is the diagnostic or loopback address, and if you have a successful ping, your IP stack is initialized considered. If it fails, then you have an IP stack failure and need TCP / IP to be installed on the host.

seconds from a DOS window, ping the IP addresses of the local host. If this is successful, your Network Interface Card (NIC) is: function. If it fails, then there <-! Next page -> is a problem with the network card. This does not mean it’s a cable plugged in NIC, only that is the IP protocol stack on the host is available on the network card.

Communicate

third from the DOS window, ping the default gateway. If the ping works, it means this is the network card connected to the network and can communicate on the local network. If this fails, then you have a local physical network problem that could happen anywhere from the NIC to the gateway.

4 If the steps were successful 1 to 3, try the remote server ping. If the work Hadith localhost via IP communication between Hadith and the remote server, you may also know, “this is the remote physical network. Working

5th may, if the user still does not work with the server after steps 1 through 4 communicate were successful, then there is probably a resolution problem and there is a need to review the domain name server (DNS) settings.

Network Address Translation

Network Address Translation (NAT) is to translate primarily at private addresses in a network to a global outside address used cars. The main idea is to save the global Internet address, but also “increase network security by hiding internal IP addresses from external networks.

TABLE 3: NAT advantages and disadvantages

BENEFITS

Conserve legally registered addresses.

Reducer address overlap occurrence.

was

increase flexibility, connecting to the Internet.

Eliminate network address renumbering other than languages.

translation introducer switching path delays

CONS

loss of end-to-end traceability

Some applications are not enabled with NAT function is.

Types of NAT

Static NAT: This type of NAT is designed to allow one-to-one mapping between local and global addresses. Static NAT requires that there is a real Internet IP address for everythin host on the network.

Dynamic NAT: This version gives you the portability to map an unregistered IP address to a registered IP address from a pool of registered IP addresses

overload. This is also known as Port Address Translation (PAT). It is the most popular type of NAT configuration. Overloading is a form of dynamic NAT maps multiple unregistered The IP address to a single registered IP address by using different ports. connect with thousands of users overloading the Internet with only one real global IP address here.

NAT TERMINOLOGY
Local address: Name of the local host before translation

Global Address. Name of the mail after translation

Inside local.: . Name of the Interior Before the source address translation

Outside local:. Name of destination host before translation

Inside global: name of the hosts in after-translation

Outside global: name outside destination host after translation

Layer2. Switching

Layer 2 switching is the process of using the hardware address of devices on a LAN segment of a network. The concept of Layer 2 switching, is because “regarded Used to switch the data link layer to operate the second layer of the OSI reference model.

Layer 2 switching hardware-based bridging because” it uses the Specialized hardware called Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). ASICs can be up to gigabit speeds with very low latency rates.

switches read each frame as it passed through the network, the Layer 2 Hadith polishing the source hardware address of device in a filter table and keeps track of which port the frame was received in respect ons. The information (logged in the switch filter table) What about using the machine determine the location of a specific sending device. built according to the filter table on the device layer2, it will only forward frames to the segment where the destination is hardware. If the target device on the Sami segmentation as the frame, blocking Layer2 device goodwill from the frame to go to any other segment. If the goal is on a different segment of the frame only pray for this segment transmitted light. This is called transparent bridging.

When a switch interface receiver a frame with a destination hardware address that is not in the unit filter table is found, it shall provide the framework for all segments ConnectedDrive. If the unknown device that was too late in the frame answers to this forwarding action, the switch updates the ITS filter table regarding this device the location.

ADVANTAGE Layer2 Switching

The biggest benefit of LAN switching over hub-centered implementations is Fusion that each device on silmatenously everythin segment on a switch channels during cannabis hubs allow only one device communicate with each network segment at a time.

switches are faster than routers because “they do not take time to focus on the network-layer header information. Instead, they consider the context of the hardware address before deciding eller front of the frame or fall leave.

Switches create private dedicated collision domains and independent bandwidth on each port, as opposed to hubs. The figure below shows five hosts connected to a switch, all running 10Mbps half-duplex to the server. Unlike the hub, Each host speed 10 Mbps dedicated communication with the server.

LIMITATION Layer2 Switching

switched networks break collision domains but the network is still a large broadcast domain. This is only relevant boundaries of your network size and growth potential, but can “also reduced its overall performance.

FEATURES Layer2 Switching

There are three different functions of Layer 2 switching, this

address learning.

Forward / filter decision maker

loop avoidance.

Address Learning

When a switch is turned on for the first time, the MAC forward / filter table is empty. If a device Smits and an interface receiver is the frame, the switch places the frame source address in the MAC forward / filter table, allo wing it is the sending unit to which interface is remember. The switch Hadith has no choice but to network with this frame of everythin port except the source port flood because there was “no idea where the target device is actually added.

If a machine answers the flooded frame and sends back a frame, then the switch will take the source address from the frame and the MAC address in the ITS database and associating this address with the interface of the received frame. Since the switch now disturbs the velocity respective MAC addresses in the filter table, cannabis, the two devices are now a point to point connection. The switch does not need to flood the frame, as did the first time.

If there is no notification to a specific address within a period of time the switch flush the entry from the database to keep

as current as possible.

FORWARD FILTER DECISION

When a frame arrives at a switch interface , the destination hardware address in order to compare the advantages and MAC filtering database. If the target hardware address is known and in the database, the frame end only the correct exit interface.

The switch does not send the frame, Any port in addition to the destination port. This saves bandwidth on the other network segment and is

as FRAME Felt.

LOOP prevention

If two ConnectedDrive switch are together, redundant connections between switches are a good idea, because “they complete network failures preventDefault a link does not help.

redundant links are extremely helpful but frustrating they cause more problems than they solve, that’s because “you can frame all redundant links silmatenously create network loops.

are flooded

switches use a protocol called STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) now Compaq avoid network loops by shutting down redundant links. runs with STP, frames only on the premium picked STP will be redirected link.

Configuring the Cisco 2950 Catalyst switch family.

2950 switch is a Cisco Catalyst switch family of high-end model. The 2950 comes in different forms and lead all the way up to 10Mbps to 1 Gbit / s switched ports eller twisted pair or fiber offer. You can use basic data, video and voice services.

2950 Switch STARTUP

If the 2950 switch; first time on, it runs through a Power-On Self Test (POST). At first all the port LEDs are green, and if after completion of the postal rules thats all ports are in good shape, all the LEDs flash and then turn off. . But if the POST a port that is not speed, the system LED and the port LEDs turn amber finds disturbing

howeve, as opposed to a router, the switch is actually used in fresh-out-of -the-box state. You can-just the switch in your network and the connection to connect network segments connected together without any configuration.

To the Cisco switch, use a rolled Ethernet cable to the connector a host to a switch console serial port Once you have the correct cable connected drive from your PC to the Cisco switch, you-can start HyperTerminal to create a console connection and configure the device as follows:.

First Open HyperTerminal by clicking the Start button and Hadith All Programs, Accessories, Hadith, Hadith Communications, then click HyperTerminal. Enter a name for the connection. It does not matter what you call it. Then, click OK.

seconds to select the communication port COM1 or COM2 Eller, whichever is open on your PC.

now third in the port settings. The default values (2400bps and no flow control hardware ) does not work, you must set the port settings as shown below.

Note thats the bit rate set to 9600 and set the flow control to none. At this point, you click OK, and press Enter and you should be connected to your Cisco switch, console port

Here is the 2950 original edition Switch.

— System Configuration Dialog —

If the initial configuration dialog ?